Wednesday, December 19, 2007
IRNSS
Introduction to Photogrammetry
This brief introduction is written for non-photogrammetrists. It should give a rough overview about photogrammetry, its history, used instruments and some common techniques. It was not intended to be a complete reference. To get more detailled information, please choose an adequate publication from the Literature section. |
1. What is Photogrammetry |
Photogrammetry is the technique of measuring objects (2D or 3D) from photo-grammes. We say commonly photographs, but it may be also imagery stored electronically on tape or disk taken by video or CCD cameras or radiation sensors such as scanners.
The results can be:
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2. Brief History of Photogrammetry |
1851: Only a decade after the invention of the „Daguerrotypie“ by Daguerre and Niepce, the french officer Aime Laussedat develops the first photogrammetrical devices and methods. He is seen as the initiator of photogrammetry. 1858: The German architect A. Meydenbauer develops photogrammetrical techniques for the documentation of buildings and installs the first photogrammetric institute in 1885 (Royal Prussian Photogrammetric Institute). 1866: The Viennese physicist Ernst Mach publishes the idea to use the stereoscope to estimate volumetric measures. 1885: The ancient ruins of Persepolis were the first archaeological object recorded photogrammetrically. 1889: The first German manual of photogrammetry was published by C. Koppe. 1896: Eduard Gaston and Daniel Deville present the first stereoscopical instrument for vectorized mapping. 1897/98: Theodor Scheimpflug invents the double projection. 1901: Pulfrich creates the first „Stereokomparator“ and revolutionates the mapping from stereopairs. 1903: Theodor Scheimpflug invents the „Perspektograph“, an instrument for optical rectification. 1910: The ISP (International Society for Photogrammetry), now ISPRS, was founded by E. Dolezal in Austria. 1911: The Austrian Th. Scheimpflug finds a way to create rectified photographs. He is considered as the initiator of aerial photogrammetry, since he was the first succeeding to apply the photogrammetrical principles to aerial photographs. 1913: The first congress of the ISP was held in Vienna. until 1945: development and improvment of measuring (=„metric“) cameras and analogue plotters. 1964: First architectural tests with the new stereometric camera-system, which had been invented by Carl Zeiss, Oberkochen and Hans Foramitti, Vienna. 1964: Charte de Venise. 1968: First international Symposium for photogrammetrical applications to historical monuments was held in Paris - Saint Mandé. 1970: Constitution of CIPA (Comité International de la Photogrammétrie Architecturale) as one of the international specialized committees of ICOMOS (International Council on Monuments and Sites) in cooperation with ISPRS. The two main activists were Maurice Carbonnell, France, and Hans Foramitti, Austria. 1970ies: The analytical plotters, which were first used by U. Helava in 1957, revolutionate photogrammetry. They allow to apply more complex methods: aerotriangulation, bundle-adjustment, the use of amateur cameras etc. 1980ies: Due to improvements in computer hardware and software, digital photogrammetry is gaining more and more importance. 1996: 83 years after its first conference, the ISPRS comes back to Vienna, the town, where it was founded. |
3. Short description of photogrammetrical techniques |
3.1. Photographing Devices
A photographic image is a „central perspective“. This implies, that every light ray, which reached the film surface during exposure, passed through the camera lens (which is mathematically considered as a single point, the so called „perspective center“). In order to take measurements of objects from photographs, the ray bundle must be reconstructed. Therefore, the internal geometry of the used camera (which is defined by the focal length, the position of the principal point and the lens distortion) has to be precisely known. The focal length is called „principal distance“, which is the distance of the projection center from the image plane´s principal point. Depending on the availability of this knowledge, the photogrammetrist devides photographing devices into three categories:
3.1.1. Metric cameras
They have stable and precisely known internal geometries and very low lens distortions. Therefore, they are very expensive devices. The principal distance is constant, which means, that the lens cannot be sharpened when taking photographs. As a result, metric cameras are only usable within a limited range of distances towards the object. The image coordinate system is defined by (mostly) four fiducial marks, which are mounted on the frame of the camera. Terrestrial cameras can be combined with tripods and theodolites. Aerial metric cameras are built into aeroplanes mostly looking straight downwards. Today, all of them have an image format of 23 by 23 centimeters.
3.1.2. Stereometric camera
If an object is photographed from two different positions, the line between the two projection centers is called „base“. If both photographs have viewing directions, which are parallel to each other and in a right angle to the base (the so called „normal case“), then they have similar properties as the two images of our retinas. Therefore, the overlapping area of these two photographs (which are called a „stereopair“) can be seen in 3D, simulating man´s stereoscopic vision.
In practice, a stereopair can be produced with a single camera from two positions or using a stereometric camera.
A stereometric camera in principle consists of two metric cameras mounted at both ends of a bar, which has a precisely measured length (mostly 40 or 120 cm). This bar is functioning as the base. Both cameras have the same geometric properties. Since they are adjusted to the normal case, stereopairs are created easily.
3.1.3. „Amateur“ cameras
The photogrammetrist speaks of an „amateur camera“, when the internal geometry is not stable and unknown, as is the case with any „normal“ commercially available camera. However, also these can be very expensive and technically highly developed professional photographic devices. Photographing a test field with many control points and at a repeatably fixed distance setting (for example at infiniy), a „calibration“ of the camera can be calculated. In this case, the four corners of the camera frame function as fiducials. However, the precision will never reach that of metric cameras. Therefore, they can only be used for purposes, where no high accuracy is demanded. But in many practical cases such photography is better than nothing, and very useful in cases of emergency.
3.2. Photogrammetric Techniques
Depending on the available material (metric camera or not, stereopairs, shape of recorded object, control information...) and the required results (2D or 3D, accuracy...), different photogrammetric techniques can be applied. Depending on the number of photographs, three main-categories can be distinguished.
3.2.1. Mapping from a single photograph
Only useful for plane (2D) objects. Obliquely photographed plane objects show perspective deformations which have to be rectified. For rectification exists a broad range of techniques. Some of them are very simple. However, there are some limitations. To get good results even with the simple techniques, the object should be plane (as for example a wall), and since only a single photograph is used, the mappings can only be done in 2D
The rectification can be neglected, only if the object is flat and the picture is made from a vertical position towards the object. In this case, the photograph will have a unique scale factor, which can be determined, if the length of at least one distance at the object is known.
Very shortly, we will describe now some common techniques:
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GIS DEGREES IN CANADA
Canadian Graduate and Post-Graduate Geography and GIS Programs
- Carleton University - Geography and Environmental Studies
- McGill University - Geography
- McMaster University - Geography and Geology
- Memorial University of Newfoundland - Masters in Geography
- Memorial University of Newfoundland - Masters/PhD in Geography
- Queen's University - Geography
- Ryerson University - Spatial Analysis
- Simon Fraser University - Geography
- Simon Fraser University - Geography
- University of British Columbia - Geography
- University of Guelph - Geography MA, MSc, PhD
- University of Northern British Columbia - Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, MA (Geography, Environmental Studies, Tourism)
- University of Northern British Columbia - Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, MSc (Biology, Environmental Science, Forestry, Geography, Recreational Resource Management)
- University of Ottawa - Geography
- University of Ottawa - Geography (PhD)
- University of Regina - Geography
- University of Saskatchewan - Geography
- University of Toronto - Physical Geography and Natural Systems
- University of Toronto - Historical/Social/Cultural Geography
- University of Toronto - Urban/Economic Geography
- University of Toronto - Spatial Information Systems (GIS/LIS)
- University of Toronto - Environmental Geography and Resource Management
- University of Toronto - Geography
- University of Toronto - Spatial Analysis
- University of Victoria - Geography
- University of Waterloo - Geography
- University of Western Ontario - Geography
- Wilfrid Laurier University - Geography
- York University - Geography
ESRI's ArcPad 7.1
ESRI's ArcPad 7.1
New Version Improves Mobile Productivity in the Field with Enhanced Tools
Redlands, California—ArcPad 7.1 and ArcPad Application Builder 7.1, the latest versions of ESRI's mobile GIS software for data collection and field mapping applications, have been released. The new enhancements in ArcPad 7.1 will help experienced users, as well as field personnel new to GIS, capture field data quickly and easily.
ArcPad products are designed for various industries and organizations wanting to extend the benefits of GIS from the office to the field. Together with ArcPad Application Builder, the development and customization framework for ArcPad, version 7.1 continues to simplify the field data collection process and offers advanced functionality for mobile users who need to make critical decisions in the field.
ArcPad provides mapping, GIS, and GPS integration to users via handheld mobile devices. It can be easily customized for specific field projects using ArcPad Application Builder. ArcPad software also integrates with ESRI desktop technologies, allowing field edits to be incorporated through disconnected editing.
In version 7.1, the ArcPad object model has been updated to support data relationship rules and includes improved data management tools. ArcPad Application Builder 7.1, sold separately, has been enhanced to include ArcPad database files and custom query forms and enables users to set "read only" layers.
ArcPad 7.1 introduces the following enhancements:
- Much-anticipated, out-of-the-box solutions to view and edit relational databases in the field
- QuickProject—A simple data template to capture various geographic features and help both new and experienced users become immediately productive
- StreetMap extension—Includes the most recent North American street map data from Tele Atlas, providing geocoding, routing functionalities, and a preconfigured basemap for users at no additional cost
- Enhanced query capabilities—Includes a query builder and query forms that support predefined, customized queries
- ArcPad Data Manager extension for ArcGIS Desktop—Interactive tools in ArcMap and ArcPad that allow simple automation of field workflows and easier management of mobile GIS project deployments
To try a fully functional evaluation copy of ArcPad 7.1, visit www.esri.com/arcpad. The ArcPad Application Builder 7.1 update will be shipped automatically to customers who are current on maintenance without additional cost. Users who have purchased ArcPad 7.0.1 since October 22, 2007, will be eligible for a free upgrade to ArcPad 7.1.
For more information on ArcPad and ArcPad Application Builder, visit www.esri.com/arcpad. Users outside the United States should contact their ESRI international distributor (www.esri.com/international).
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Press Information: Matthew DeMeritt, ESRI Tel.: 909-793-2853, extension 1-2930 E-mail (press only): press@esri.com General Information: info@esri.com
COURTESY:http://www.esri.com/news/releases/07_4qtr/mobile.html
RADARSAT-2 Successfully Launched
Richmond, B.C. – MacDonald Dettwiler and Associates Ltd (MDA) announced the successful launch and deployment of RADARSAT-2, Canada’s next–generation commercial Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) satellite. The satellite was launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan at ~ 05:17 Pacific Standard Time on a Soyuz launch vehicle.
In addition to guaranteeing data continuity for RADARSAT-1 users, RADARSAT-2 offers new capabilities with its advanced technical design. These new capabilities include: a finer resolution, flexibility in selection of polarization and left-and right-looking imaging. These capabilities, in concert with increased on-time imaging capacity, and an enhanced ground segment, allow MDA to offer clients an even greater degree of flexibility in choice of products and service offerings.
RADARSAT-2 is the product of a unique partnership between the Canadian Space Agency (CSA) and MDA. MDA is responsible for the marketing and distribution of the data via a global network of partners and ground receiving stations.
“We are extremely excited to welcome this new chapter in SAR imaging,” said John Hornsby, General Manager for MDA’s Geospatial Services business area. Dr. Hornsby continued, “RADARSAT-2 promises to deliver products with higher resolution and information content and with a significantly shorter end-to-end “order to delivery” process.”
RADARSAT-2’s successful launch is the culmination of many years of effort by MDA, CSA and its partners. RADARSAT-2 will provide enhanced information for applications such as environmental monitoring, ice mapping, resource mapping, disaster management and marine surveillance.
COURTESY: http://www.radarsat2.info/outreach/innews/2007/12142007_gsi.asp
TRENDS IN GIS
HISTORY OF REMOTE SENSING
Beyond the primitive methods of remote sensing our earliest ancestors used (ex.: standing on a high cliff or tree to view the landscape), the modern discipline arose with the development of flight. The balloonist G. Tournachon (alias Nadar) made photographs of
Systematic aerial photography was developed for military surveillance and reconnaissance purposes beginning in World War I and reaching a climax during the Cold War with the use of modified combat aircraft such as the P-51, P-38, RB-66, F4-C and the SR-71 or specifically designed collection platforms such as the U2/TR-1, A-5 and the OV-1 series both in overhead and stand-off collection. A more recent development is that of increasingly smaller sensor pods such as those used by law enforcement and the military, in both manned and unmanned platforms. The advantage of this approach is that this requires minimal modification to a given airframe. Later imaging technologies would include Infra-red, conventional, doppler and synthetic aperture radar
The development of artificial satellites in the latter half of the 20th century allowed remote sensing to progress to a global scale as of the end of the cold war. Instrumentation aboard various Earth observing and weather satellites such as Landsat, the Nimbus and more recent missions such as RADARSAT and UARS provided global measurements of various data for civil, research, and military purposes. Space probes to other planets have also provided the opportunity to conduct remote sensing studies in extra-terrestrial environments, synthetic aperture radar aboard the Magellan spacecraft provided detailed topographic maps of Venus, while instruments aboard SOHO allowed studies to be performed on the Sun and the solar wind, just to name a few examples.
Recent developments include, beginning in the 1960s and 1970s with the development of image processing of satellite imagery. Several research groups in Silicon Valley including NASA Ames Research Center, GTE and ESL Inc. developed Fourier transform techniques leading to the first notable enhancement of imagery data.
The introduction of online web services for easy access to remote sensing data in the 21st century (mainly low/medium-resolution images), like Google Earth, has made remote sensing more familiar to the big public and has popularized the science.
COURTESY:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_sensing
Tuesday, December 18, 2007
Vehicle Tracking System
Sunday, December 9, 2007
GIS Universities
- Eastern Washington University
- ESRI India Authorised Learning Centre
- Curtin University of Technology, Department of Spatial Sciences
- University of Tehran
- Southwestern College GIS
- Kingston Centre for GIS
- UNIGIS - Jagiellonian University
- Jagiellonian University
- UW-Madison Geography Department
- CSUN Geography Department
- Nothern Illinois University
- Jamia Millia Islamia University, India-
- Western Wisconsin Technical College
- Sir Sandford Fleming College, Geomatics Institute, Canada
- University of Cambridge, Department of Geography
- University at Albany, SUNY Dept of Geography
- West Virginia Unviersity, Dept of Geography
- Clark University IDCE GIS Program
- University of Wisconsin - Stevens Point Dept of Geography
- University of Calgary GIS Masters Program
- Portland State University Graduate Certificate in GIS
- Virginia Tech Center for Geospatial Information Technology
- Ball State University Department of Geography
- University of Vienna - Department of Geography and Regional Reserach
- CMU Center for GIS
- University of Washington - GIS Certificate Program
- Eastern Michigan University
- GIS Lab, University of Minnesota-Duluth
- University of Szeged, Hungary
- Okanagan University College
- Department of Geography, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville
- University of Central Florida, Orlando
- University Of Pittsburgh - Pro-MS GIS/RS
- West Chester University of Pennsylvania
- Mesa Community College GIS Program
- Department of Geography GIS Program, Indiana University Purdue University
- Department of Cartography, GIS and Remote Sensing of Comenius University, Bratislava
- Institute of Geoinformatics, VSB-TU Ostrava
- University of Arizona School of Renewable Natural Resources
- International Institute for GeoInformation Science & Earth Observation (ITC), NL
- Department of Geography, California State University, Long Beach
- METU Geodetic and Geographic Information Technologies
- Universidad Rafael Urdaneta
- South Dakota State University Geography Department
- Iowa Lakes Community College GIS Program
- Salem State College
- Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi
- University of Maryland Department of Geography
- MS in GIS at the University of Redlands
- Mangalore University, India
- University of Texas at Dallas
- Saskatchewann Institute for Applied Science and Technology - GIS Certificate Program
- Technikum K”rnten, Villach, Austria
- Colorado State University (Fort Collins) Remote Sensing/GIS Program
- Southwest Texas State University Department of Geography
- Center for Earth Observation, North Carolina State University
- Florida Atlantic University, Dept of Geography
- Michigan State University, Dept of Geography
- University of North Carolina at Greensboro
- Univerisy of Iowa Department of Geography
- School of Planning, Ahmedabad, India
- Houston Community College, Houston ,TX
- NIU Undergraduate Courses
- Stephen F. Austin State University
- Universitý di Venezia
- Bath Spa University College
- The Missouri Spatial Data Information Service
- Dept of Geography & Topographic Science, The University of Glasgow, UK
- Geography Internship Program, California State University, Long Beach
- Utah State University, RS/GIS Lab
- Kayin College
- Fachrichtung Geoinformatik und Vermessung der Fachhochschule Mainz
- Carleton University Dept of Geography-Ottawa, Canada
- Sam Houston State University
- GeoInfo Courses at Mohawk College
- University of Alabama, Geography Department
- British Columbia Institute of Technology
- Federal University of Parana-CIEG
- Northern Arizona University, Department of Geography and Public Planning
- University of Florida Geomatics Program
- Centre of Geographic Sciences (COGS), Canada
- Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Canada
- McMaster University & Mohawk College GIS Specialist Certificate Program
- Algonquin College
- University of Winnipeg - Geography Department
- GeoPlan Center - University of Florida
- Wilfrid Laurier University
- Geographic Information Science Center at University of California, Berkeley
- St. Mary's University, Minnesota
- Metropolitan State College Denver
- Appalachian State University
- St. Cloud State University--Spatial Analysis Research Center
- UGA Center for Remote Sensing and Mapping Science
- Ryerson Polytechnic University, School of Applied Geography
- Appalachian State University Department of Geography and Planning
- University of Toledo
- University Of Technology Malaysia
- Northwest Missouri State University
- SUNY-ESF
- UniGIS at Simon Fraser University, Canada
- Pennsylvania State University
- ITC Home Page
- University of Waterloo, Environmental Studies
- Australian National University
- University of Arkansas CAST
- Edinburgh University
- Fuji University
- University of Karlsruhe
- University of Leeds
- University of Salzburg Institute for Geography
- Ohio State University Center for Mapping
- CalTech
- University of Wyoming
- Emporia State University
- Brigham Young University
- University of Nebraska
- Boston University
- University of California, Berkeley
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory
- University of Colorado
- University of Oklahoma
- University of Delaware
- Oregon State University
- George Mason University
- University of Pittsburgh
- University of Georgia
- Rutgers University
- Hunter College, City University of New York
- San Diego State University
- University of Idaho
- University of Southern California
- University of Massachusetts, Amherst
- Virginia Commonwealth University
- University of Washington
- Simon Fraser University
- Clark Labs/Clark University
GIS Employment Sources
- GEOjobs.de
- UK GIS Recruitment
- JobsViewer, India
- Gisjobs.org
- Meridianwave Consultants Network
- Geojobs.org
- Canadian Geomatics Employment
- JobPier.com
- Management Recruiters International
- Renhill Professional and Technical Staffing
- SantaRosaJobs.com
- Technojobs
- AcademicTransfer International
- Engineer-Cad.Com
- CareersCafe
- Onsite Environmental
- Jobs.com
- GeoBusiness Solutions Ltd (UK)
- G.A.S. Unlmited
- Net-Temps, A world of Jobs neatly Packaged
- Career Internetworking
- GISjobs.com
- ESRI
- GIS Recruiter
- Urban Planning Jobs
- PlanGraphics, Inc.
- GIS Connection
- SOS Engineering & Consulting
- E Jobs: Environmental Jobs and Careers
- Geo Job Source
- GIS-Jobs Mailing List
- Florida Environment Employment
- GIS-a-Job Recruitment
- NorthBayCareers.com
- Safe Harbor Group
- GIS Jobs Clearinghouse
GIS COMPANIES TO APPLY JOB
- ReMetrix
- Gaea Systems Pvt Ltd
- Eagan, McAllister Associates, Inc.
- ML Infomap
- Intermap Technologies
- geoVelocity
- RMSI
- AvisMap GIS Technologies
- GIS Innovations
- SigConsult
- GeoEmphasis.com
- Spatial Developers
- Avenza Systems, Inc.
- GISData
- Global Maps LTD
- Trek Construction & Environmental Services Ltd.
- PetersonGIS
- NAVTEQ
- ESRI Australia
- Spridata. Spatial IT Consultants
- IIC Technologies
- Tier 3, Inc.
- GeoMap Systems
- Yenom-Tech Software
- Intellias Software Development
- Sarana Primadata, Indonesia
- GISTech, Limited
- All West Surveys
- Mappamondo GIS
- Marquette GIS Consulting
- Assurgent Technology Solutions
- Munsys Technologies
- Open Spatial Inc.
- Midwest Infotech Pvt. Ltd
- Complete Spatial Solutions
- Tera Environmental Consultants
- Sound Geospatial Services, LLC
- Eric Beaton Urban Planning and GIS Services
- NMT Corporation
- Geo-3D, Inc.
- Cognocarta GIS, LLC
- OneMap, Ltd.
- MicroCenter, Bahrain
- Spatial Data Integrations
- International Business Integration
- Satyam Computer Services, Ltd.
- Satellite Imaging Corp
- MapWorld Technologies, Ltd.
- emGISt, India
- Upper 90 Systems, Inc.
- eSymmetry, Ecosystem Analysis and Programming
- Minecode, India
- GIS Landmark
- Rolta
- RMSI Global IT
- GEC, Inc.
- Weston & Sampson Engineers, Inc.
- Cinco Energy Land Services
- Gaea Systems Pvt Ltd
- CARIS
- Geodac Corporation
- Golder Associates Ltd.
- Miner & Miner
- Socket Technologies, Inc.
- Mada Geomatic, Madagascar
- DCSE, Inc.
- GeoCognition Consulting
- Geografx
- Peton Consulting
- Compusense
- GIS Consortium, India
- Nicol and Associates, Inc.
- Applied Data Consultants
- Chris Chubb Cartography
- Civil & Environmental Consultants, Inc.
- Keck & Wood, Inc.
- GEO-Sky Aerial Mapping & Surveying
- Michael Baker Corporation
- Ryan Galbraith
- NeST GIS
- Sai Infotech Systems, Ltd.
- Forte Consulting
- HNTB Corporation
- Critchlow Associates
- GIS Project, Ltd.
- GGP Systems
- GeoDecisions
- ENGECORC
- ETd
- Micro Documents Automation India Pvt. Ltd.
- Map Specifics
- Engineering Systems
- Farallon Geographics
- Spatial Data Analytics Corporation
- Landmark Geomatics
- Proficio Geo Technologies
- We Do IT
- Farm IT Solutions
- WTI Advanced Technology Limted, India
- TerraNOVA International, LLC
- AnalyGIS, LLC
- Galilee Enterprise
- Trans Global Geomatics
- Consumer Geomatics
- AABSyS IT
- Intec Infocom
- Compass Informatics
- CGIS-Consulting Geo Info Systems
- Infotech Enterprises, Ltd
- Sedgwick Associates
- Murphy's World GIS
- MapInfo Corporation
- Applied Geodetics
- Sutra Systems
- Spatial Data Private Limited
- Carmenta AB
- Red Paw Technologies, Inc.
- GIS Development.net
- Avineon, India
- GIS Mapping Solutions
- HCL Technologies
- Digital Globe
- ITSoft Solutions
- SETU Cybertech
- GISL - International GIS Consultants
- Research Solutions, Inc.
- Intelligent Decisions Systems, Inc.
- Infodesk Manipal Limited
- Environmental GIS Consulting, LLC
- Vanasse Hangen Brustlin, Inc. GIS Services
- Regency InfoTech
- ACRE Surveying and Development - Philippines
- Datacode
- Roads of India
- Astra Infosys - GIS Consulting
- Infodesk Manipal Limited
- Symmetry
- SUYOG GIS (P) Ltd.
- Nobel Software Systems
- Cuesta Systems, Inc.
- Millennium International Technologies, Inc.
- GEOAPIKONISIS Ltd, Greece
- geOme Tec
- Magnasoft Spatial Services
- Tobin International, LTD
- Buana Katulistiwa-NGO for Spatial Information in Indonesia
- ICONSNET International Consultants Network
- Sathya Technology
- Newcyber3D
- INFORM--Network for Management Systems Ltd.
- Bentley GIS Solutions
- Fi-Sofex Ltd., Bangalore
- Relief - GIS Consulting and Software
- Intermap (PTY) Ltd
- Surya Soft-Tech Ltd., Bangalore, India
- DataPro Consulting
- Integrated Mapping Services, Inc.
- Manchitra Services Pvt Ltd
- Navgati Geomatics
- Talon Associates
- InfoTech Enterprises, Inc.
- GeoPlus
- GisGroup - Il portale italiano del GIS
- Sar Softech
- GeoDigital Mapping
- Khatib & Alami Consolidated Engineering Company
- geoVue
- InfoTech Enterprises Ltd
- Atresh GIS-CAD Consultants
- Arraycom India
- Realworld 00 Systems Osterreich
- C.L.M. Consulting - Network Planning GIS Security
- Intelligent IT/GIS Solutions
- Applied Geography Consulting Group, Inc.
- geo-konzept
- ICL Integrated Mapping System
- Etak
- TeleAtlas
- GEOvision, Denmark
- MapMedia, Germany
- Mayes, Sudderth and Etheredge
- EOSGIS GIS services and 3D Terrain Visualization
- Star Informatic
- INDUS Corporation
- Waypoint Technology Group
- AverStar Geospatial Services
- The Titan Corporation
- Pixxures, Inc.
- New Century Software
- Techni Graphic Systems, Inc.
- Safe Software, Inc.
- James W. Sewall Company
- PCI Geomatics
- IIC Technologies
- ESRI India
- Geographic Technologies Group, Inc.
- Atlantic Technologies
- GIS Solutions
- Camp Dresser & McKee Inc. Information Management and GIS
- The MapShop
- The National Imagery and Mapping Agency
- Schaub GIS Consulting
- 3CRC Technologies
- GIS Associates
- Comsearch Online
- James Davey and Associates, Inc.
- Apex Data Services, Inc.
- Kirpalaney & Associates (Engineers) Pvt. Ltd
- Map Gallery
- ESRI
- Scout Geographics
- Osmose, Inc.
- M. A. Young & Associates, Inc.
- Earthward Consulting, Inc.
- Manifold
- Perly's Maps - Canada
- GIS/Trans, Ltd.
- InfoTech Enterprises Ltd.
- C-Plan
- Analytical Surveys, Inc.
- Enghouse Systems Limited
- PlanGraphics, Inc.
- CLIRSEN
- SDS, Inc.
- GDSI Hawaii - Home
- GIS Project Development
- Foresta SG
- Smallworld GIS
- CSA Arquitects & Engineers
- WESTON Knowledge Solutions & Systems
- Barclay Maps, California
- SEMCOR GIS services
- Pacific Meridian Resources
- Dewberry & Davis
- Woolpert LLP
- Clarkson Map Company
- Geographic Resource Solutions
- ESRI
- Planet One
- M.J. Harden Associates, Inc.
- MARIS
- James W. Sewall Co.
- Cuesta Systems, Inc.
- SIGNAL Corporation
- Riverside Technology, Inc.
- ERDAS
- VectorVision Corporation
- PCI
- Oracle Corporation
- SmallWorld
- Leica
- CERL
- RADARSAT
- Information Solutions, Inc.
- Idrisi
- GeoGraph International Corporation
- Scan/US, Inc.
- Caliper
- EROS
- GeoResearch
- ASI Landmark, Inc.
- Leica Geosystems Inc.
- AR Software Services
- InfoGlobe, Inc.
- Integrated Spatial Solutions, Inc.
- GeoData Solutions, Inc.
- H.L. Yoh Company LLC
- SPOT Image Corporation
- Cargill, Inc.
- Argonne National Laboratory
- Spatial Insights, Inc.
GIS LINKS
- AM/FM/GIS
- Cartography
- Crime Mapping
- Digital raster graphic
- Distributed GIS
- Geodesy
- Geoinformatics
- Geographic information science
- Geoinformation
- Geomatics
- Geo (marketing)
- List of GIS software
- Comparison of GIS software
- Open Source Geospatial Foundation
- Open GIS Consortium
- Public Participation GIS
- Pictometry
- Remote sensing
- Traditional knowledge gis
- Virtual globe
- Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing (TIGER)
- At-location mapping
- GIS in archaeology
- Historical GIS
- Automotive navigation system
- Map database management
- Geographic Data Files
- ZIP codes
What is GIS?
GIS is a computer system for capturing, storing, checking, integrating, manipulating, analysing and displaying data related to positions on the Earth's surface. Typically, a Geographical Information System is used for handling maps of one kind or another. These might be represented as several different layers where each layer holds data about a particular kind of feature. Each feature is linked to a position on the graphical image on a map and a record in an attribute table. GIS can relate otherwise disparate on the basis of common geography, revealing hidden patterns, relationships, and trends that are not readily apparent in spreadsheets or statistical packages, often creating new information from existing data resources.
Hidden in most data is a geographical component: an address, postal code, census block, city, county, or latitude/longitude coordinate. With GIS, you can explore the spatial element of your data to display soil types, track crime patterns, analyze animal migration patterns, find the best location for an expanding business, model the path of atmospheric pollution, and make decisions for many types of complicated problems.
These presentations (pdf files) includes both introductory GIS material and an overview of its application to research in a particular discipline.
- GIS Basics and Humanities Research
- GIS in Health and Medical Research
- GIS in the Law School
- GIS and Archaeological Research
- GIS and Marine Biology Research
- GIS in the Business School
Courtesy:http://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/gis/whatgis.html
GIS COMPANIES LINKS
- ReMetrix
- Gaea Systems Pvt Ltd
- Eagan, McAllister Associates, Inc.
- ML Infomap
- Intermap Technologies
- geoVelocity
- RMSI
- AvisMap GIS Technologies
- GIS Innovations
- SigConsult
- GeoEmphasis.com
- Spatial Developers
- Avenza Systems, Inc.
- GISData
- Global Maps LTD
- Trek Construction & Environmental Services Ltd.
- PetersonGIS
- NAVTEQ
- ESRI Australia
- Spridata. Spatial IT Consultants
- IIC Technologies
- Tier 3, Inc.
- GeoMap Systems
- Yenom-Tech Software
- Intellias Software Development
- Sarana Primadata, Indonesia
- GISTech, Limited
- All West Surveys
- Mappamondo GIS
- Marquette GIS Consulting
- Assurgent Technology Solutions
- Munsys Technologies
- Open Spatial Inc.
- Midwest Infotech Pvt. Ltd
- Complete Spatial Solutions
- Tera Environmental Consultants
- Sound Geospatial Services, LLC
- Eric Beaton Urban Planning and GIS Services
- NMT Corporation
- Geo-3D, Inc.
- Cognocarta GIS, LLC
- OneMap, Ltd.
- MicroCenter, Bahrain
- Spatial Data Integrations
- International Business Integration
- Satyam Computer Services, Ltd.
- Satellite Imaging Corp
- MapWorld Technologies, Ltd.
- emGISt, India
- Upper 90 Systems, Inc.
- eSymmetry, Ecosystem Analysis and Programming
- Minecode, India
- GIS Landmark
- Rolta
- RMSI Global IT
- GEC, Inc.
- Weston & Sampson Engineers, Inc.
- Cinco Energy Land Services
- Gaea Systems Pvt Ltd
- CARIS
- Geodac Corporation
- Golder Associates Ltd.
- Miner & Miner
- Socket Technologies, Inc.
- Mada Geomatic, Madagascar
- DCSE, Inc.
- GeoCognition Consulting
- Geografx
- Peton Consulting
- Compusense
- GIS Consortium, India
- Nicol and Associates, Inc.
- Applied Data Consultants
- Chris Chubb Cartography
- Civil & Environmental Consultants, Inc.
- Keck & Wood, Inc.
- GEO-Sky Aerial Mapping & Surveying
- Michael Baker Corporation
- Ryan Galbraith
- NeST GIS
- Sai Infotech Systems, Ltd.
- Forte Consulting
- HNTB Corporation
- Critchlow Associates
- GIS Project, Ltd.
- GGP Systems
- GeoDecisions
- ENGECORC
- ETd
- Micro Documents Automation India Pvt. Ltd.
- Map Specifics
- Engineering Systems
- Farallon Geographics
- Spatial Data Analytics Corporation
- Landmark Geomatics
- Proficio Geo Technologies
- We Do IT
- Farm IT Solutions
- WTI Advanced Technology Limted, India
- TerraNOVA International, LLC
- AnalyGIS, LLC
- Galilee Enterprise
- Trans Global Geomatics
- Consumer Geomatics
- AABSyS IT
- Intec Infocom
- Compass Informatics
- CGIS-Consulting Geo Info Systems
- Infotech Enterprises, Ltd
- Sedgwick Associates
- Murphy's World GIS
- MapInfo Corporation
- Applied Geodetics
- Sutra Systems
- Spatial Data Private Limited
- Carmenta AB
- Red Paw Technologies, Inc.
- GIS Development.net
- Avineon, India
- GIS Mapping Solutions
- HCL Technologies
- Digital Globe
- ITSoft Solutions
- SETU Cybertech
- GISL - International GIS Consultants
- Research Solutions, Inc.
- Intelligent Decisions Systems, Inc.
- Infodesk Manipal Limited
- Environmental GIS Consulting, LLC
- Vanasse Hangen Brustlin, Inc. GIS Services
- Regency InfoTech
- ACRE Surveying and Development - Philippines
- Datacode
- Roads of India
- Astra Infosys - GIS Consulting
- Infodesk Manipal Limited
- Symmetry
- SUYOG GIS (P) Ltd.
- Nobel Software Systems
- Cuesta Systems, Inc.
- Millennium International Technologies, Inc.
- GEOAPIKONISIS Ltd, Greece
- geOme Tec
- Magnasoft Spatial Services
- Tobin International, LTD
- Buana Katulistiwa-NGO for Spatial Information in Indonesia
- ICONSNET International Consultants Network
- Sathya Technology
- Newcyber3D
- INFORM--Network for Management Systems Ltd.
- Bentley GIS Solutions
- Fi-Sofex Ltd., Bangalore
- Relief - GIS Consulting and Software
- Intermap (PTY) Ltd
- Surya Soft-Tech Ltd., Bangalore, India
- DataPro Consulting
- Integrated Mapping Services, Inc.
- Manchitra Services Pvt Ltd
- Navgati Geomatics
- Talon Associates
- InfoTech Enterprises, Inc.
- GeoPlus
- GisGroup - Il portale italiano del GIS
- Sar Softech
- GeoDigital Mapping
- Khatib & Alami Consolidated Engineering Company
- geoVue
- InfoTech Enterprises Ltd
- Atresh GIS-CAD Consultants
- Arraycom India
- Realworld 00 Systems Osterreich
- C.L.M. Consulting - Network Planning GIS Security
- Intelligent IT/GIS Solutions
- Applied Geography Consulting Group, Inc.
- geo-konzept
- ICL Integrated Mapping System
- Etak
- TeleAtlas
- GEOvision, Denmark
- MapMedia, Germany
- Mayes, Sudderth and Etheredge
- EOSGIS GIS services and 3D Terrain Visualization
- Star Informatic
- INDUS Corporation
- Waypoint Technology Group
- AverStar Geospatial Services
- The Titan Corporation
- Pixxures, Inc.
- New Century Software
- Techni Graphic Systems, Inc.
- Safe Software, Inc.
- James W. Sewall Company
- PCI Geomatics
- IIC Technologies
- ESRI India
- Geographic Technologies Group, Inc.
- Atlantic Technologies
- GIS Solutions
- Camp Dresser & McKee Inc. Information Management and GIS
- The MapShop
- The National Imagery and Mapping Agency
- Schaub GIS Consulting
- 3CRC Technologies
- GIS Associates
- Comsearch Online
- James Davey and Associates, Inc.
- Apex Data Services, Inc.
- Kirpalaney & Associates (Engineers) Pvt. Ltd
- Map Gallery
- ESRI
- Scout Geographics
- Osmose, Inc.
- M. A. Young & Associates, Inc.
- Earthward Consulting, Inc.
- Manifold
- Perly's Maps - Canada
- GIS/Trans, Ltd.
- InfoTech Enterprises Ltd.
- C-Plan
- Analytical Surveys, Inc.
- Enghouse Systems Limited
- PlanGraphics, Inc.
- CLIRSEN
- SDS, Inc.
- GDSI Hawaii - Home
- GIS Project Development
- Foresta SG
- Smallworld GIS
- CSA Arquitects & Engineers
- WESTON Knowledge Solutions & Systems
- Barclay Maps, California
- SEMCOR GIS services
- Pacific Meridian Resources
- Dewberry & Davis
- Woolpert LLP
- Clarkson Map Company
- Geographic Resource Solutions
- ESRI
- Planet One
- M.J. Harden Associates, Inc.
- MARIS
- James W. Sewall Co.
- Cuesta Systems, Inc.
- SIGNAL Corporation
- Riverside Technology, Inc.
- ERDAS
- VectorVision Corporation
- PCI
- Oracle Corporation
- SmallWorld
- Leica
- CERL
- RADARSAT
- Information Solutions, Inc.
- Idrisi
- GeoGraph International Corporation
- Scan/US, Inc.
- Caliper
- EROS
- GeoResearch
- ASI Landmark, Inc.
- Leica Geosystems Inc.
- AR Software Services
- InfoGlobe, Inc.
- Integrated Spatial Solutions, Inc.
- GeoData Solutions, Inc.
- H.L. Yoh Company LLC
- SPOT Image Corporation
- Cargill, Inc.
- Argonne National Laboratory
- Spatial Insights, Inc.
MORE TO COME..,
GIS Employment Sources
- GEOjobs.de
- UK GIS Recruitment
- JobsViewer, India
- Gisjobs.org
- Meridianwave Consultants Network
- Geojobs.org
- Canadian Geomatics Employment
- JobPier.com
- Management Recruiters International
- Renhill Professional and Technical Staffing
- SantaRosaJobs.com
- Technojobs
- AcademicTransfer International
- Engineer-Cad.Com
- CareersCafe
- Onsite Environmental
- Jobs.com
- GeoBusiness Solutions Ltd (UK)
- G.A.S. Unlmited
- Net-Temps, A world of Jobs neatly Packaged
- Career Internetworking
- GISjobs.com
- ESRI
- GIS Recruiter
- Urban Planning Jobs
- PlanGraphics, Inc.
- GIS Connection
- SOS Engineering & Consulting
- E Jobs: Environmental Jobs and Careers
- Geo Job Source
- GIS-Jobs Mailing List
- Florida Environment Employment
- GIS-a-Job Recruitment
- NorthBayCareers.com
- Safe Harbor Group
- GIS Jobs Clearinghouse